The effect of diet quality and body mass index on depression in older adults: a growth curve analysis | BMC Geriatrics

Platikanova M, Yordanova A, Hristova P. Dependence of body mass index on some dietary habits: an application of classification and regression tree. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(6):1283–94.
Google Scholar
Ganapathy A, Nieves JW. Nutrition and sarcopenia-what do we know? Nutrients. 2020;12(6): 1755.
Foroughi M, Akhavanzanjani M, Maghsoudi Z, Ghiasvand R, Khorvash F, Askari G. Stroke and nutrition: a review of studies. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(Suppl 2):S165–79.
Google Scholar
Hibbeln JR. Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet. 1998;351(9110):1213.
Google Scholar
Lee M, Bradbury J, Yoxall J, Sargeant S. Is dietary quality associated with depression? An analysis of the Australian longitudinal study of women’s health data. Br J Nutr. 2023;129:1380–7.
Google Scholar
Lane MM, Gamage E, Travica N, Dissanayaka T, Ashtree DN, Gauci S, et al. Ultra-processed food consumption and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients. 2022;14(13):2568.
Google Scholar
Pei Z, Zhang J, Qin W, Hu F, Zhao Y, Zhang X, et al. Association between dietary patterns and depression in Chinese older adults: a longitudinal study based on CLHLS. Nutrients. 2022;14(24):5230.
Google Scholar
Zhang M, Li Z, Yang S, Sun Y, Jin M, Chen X, et al. The association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in Chinese adults. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:8380151.
Google Scholar
Schwartz N, Buliung R, Wilson K. Disability and food access and insecurity: a scoping review of the literature. Health Place. 2019;57:107–21.
Google Scholar
Choi YJ, Crimmins EM, Ailshire JA. Food insecurity, food environments, and disparities in diet quality and obesity in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling older americans. Prev Med Rep. 2022;29:101912.
Google Scholar
Larson NI, Story MT, Nelson MC. Neighborhood environments: disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36(1):74–81.
Google Scholar
Sun Z, Su X, Zhao X, Yao Y, Zhao Y, Zhang P, et al. Associations between constipation, overeating, and depression: a survey of Chinese oldest-old and centenarians. Heliyon. 2022;8(12):e12432.
Google Scholar
Landi F, Calvani R, Tosato M, Martone AM, Ortolani E, Savera G, et al. Anorexia of aging: risk factors, consequences, and potential treatments. Nutrients. 2016;8(2):69.
Google Scholar
Stalling I, Albrecht BM, Foettinger L, Recke C, Bammann K. Meal patterns of older adults: results from the OUTDOOR ACTIVE study. Nutrients. 2022;14(14):2784.
Google Scholar
Sampson G. Weight loss and malnutrition in the elderly–the shared role of GPs and APDs. Aus Fam Physician. 2009;38(7):507–10.
Firth J, Gangwisch JE, Borisini A, Wootton RE, Mayer EA. Food and mood: how do diet and nutrition affect mental wellbeing? BMJ. 2020;369: m2382.
Suárez-López LM, Bru-Luna LM, Martí-Vilar M. Influence of nutrition on mental health: scoping review. Healthcare. 2023;11(15):2183.
Google Scholar
André B, Canhão H, Espnes GA, Ferreira Rodrigues AM, Gregorio MJ, Nguyen C et al. Is there an association between food patterns and life satisfaction among Norway’s inhabitants ages 65 years and older? Appetite 2017;110: 108 – 15.
Milte CM, McNaughton SA. Dietary patterns and successful ageing: a systematic review. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55(2):423–50.
Google Scholar
Jacka FN, Cherbuin N, Anstey KJ, Butterworth P. Does reverse causality explain the relationship between diet and depression? J Affect Disord. 2015;175:248–50.
Google Scholar
Lai JS, Hiles S, Bisquera A, Hure AJ, McEvoy M, Attia J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community-dwelling adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(1):181–97.
Google Scholar
Payne ME, Steck SE, George RR, Steffens DC. Vegetable, and antioxidant intakes are lower in older adults with Depression. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112:2022–27.
Google Scholar
Whitaker KM, Sharpe PA, Wilcox S, Hutto BE. Depressive symptoms are associated with dietary intake but not physical activity among overweight and obese women from disadvantaged neighborhoods. Nutr Res. 2014;34:294–301.
Google Scholar
Adan RAH, van der Beek EM, Buitelaar JK, Cryan JF, Hebebrand J, Higgs S, et al. Nutritional psychiatry: towards improving mental health by what you eat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;29(12):1321–32.
Google Scholar
Lee M, Bradbury J, Yoxall J, Sargeant S. A longitudinal analysis of Australian women’s fruit and vegetable consumption and depressive symptoms. Br J Health Psychol. 2023;28:829–43.
Google Scholar
Cai H, Jin Y, Liu R, Zhang Q, Su Z, Ungvari GS, et al. Global prevalence of depression in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological surveys. Asian J Psychiatr. 2023;80:103417.
Google Scholar
Wu H, Gu Y, Meng G, Zhang Q, Liu L, Wu H, et al. Relationship between dietary pattern and depressive symptoms: an international multicohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2023;20(1):74.
Google Scholar
Forman-Hoffman VL, Yankey JW, Hillis SL, Wallace RB, Wolinsky FD. Weight and depressive symptoms in older adults: direction of influence? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007;62(1):S43–51.
Google Scholar
Noh JW, Kwon YD, Park J, Kim J. Body mass index and depressive symptoms in middle aged and older adults. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:310.
Google Scholar
Luppino FS, de Wit LM, Bouvy PF, Stijnen T, Cuijpers P, Penninx BW, et al. Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(3):220–29.
Google Scholar
Palinkas LA, Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E. Depressive symptoms in overweight and obese older adults: a test of the jolly fat hypothesis. J Psychosom Res. 1996;40(1):59–66.
Google Scholar
Zhang L, Liu K, Li H, Li D, Chen Z, Zhang LL, et al. Relationship between body mass index and depressive symptoms: the fat and jolly hypothesis for the middle-aged and elderly in China. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1201.
Google Scholar
Lu S, Liu Y, Guo Y, Ho HC, Song Y, Cheng W, et al. Neighbourhood physical environment, intrinsic capacity, and 4-year late-life functional ability trajectories of low-income Chinese older population: a longitudinal study with the parallel process of latent growth curve modelling. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100927.
Google Scholar
Wong MT, Ho TP, Ho MY, Yu CS, Wong YH, Lee SY. Development and inter-rater reliability of a standardized verbal instruction manual for the Chinese geriatric depression scale-short form. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(5):459–63.
Google Scholar
Cyarto EV, Dow B, Vrantsidis F, Meyer C. Promoting healthy ageing: development of the healthy ageing quiz. Australas J Ageing. 2013;32(1):15–20.
Google Scholar
Defining Adult Overweight & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Obesity. (2022). (accessed 19 December 2023).
Winter JE, MacInnis RJ, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Nowson CA. BMI and all-cause mortality in older adults: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(4):875–90.
Google Scholar
Queensland Health. Using Body Mass Index (2017). (accessed 19 December 2023).
Pes GM, Licheri G, Soro S, Longo NP, Salis R, Tomassini G, et al. Overweight: a protective factor against comorbidity in the elderly. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(19):3656.
Google Scholar
Javed AA, Aljied R, Allison DJ, Anderson LN, Ma J, Raina P. Body mass index and all-cause mortality in older adults: a scoping review of observational studies. Obes Rev. 2020;21(8):e13035.
Google Scholar
Wheaton B, Muthén B, Alwin DF, Summers GF. Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociol Methodol. 1977;8:84–136.
Google Scholar
Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model. 1999;6:1–55.
Google Scholar
Blazer DG. Depression in late life: review and commentary. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003;58(3):249–65.
Google Scholar
Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Akiskal HS. The prevalence, clinical relevance, and public health significance of subthreshold depressions. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2002;25(4):685–98.
Google Scholar
Fiske A, Wetherell JL, Gatz M. Depression in older adults. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2009;5:363–89.
Google Scholar
Conwell Y, Brent D. Suicide and aging. I: patterns of psychiatric diagnosis. Int Psychogeriatr. 1995;7(2):149–64.
Google Scholar
Chan R, Chan D, Woo J. A prospective cohort study to examine the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in older Chinese people in Hong Kong. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(8):e105760.
Google Scholar
Chegini M, Shirani P, Omidvar N, Eini-Zinab H, Pour-Ebrahim F, Rezazadeh A. Relationship between diet quality and depression among Iranian older adults in Tehran. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):708.
Google Scholar
Lanuza F, Petermann-Rocha F, Celis-Morales C, Concha-Cisternas Y, Nazar G, Troncoso-Pantoja C, et al. A healthy eating score is inversely associated with depression in older adults: results from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–2017. Public Health Nutr. 2021;25(10):1–12.
Google Scholar
Meller FO, Manosso LM, Schäfer AA. The influence of diet quality on depression among adults and elderly: a population-based study. J Affect Disord. 2021;282:1076–81.
Google Scholar
Li ZB, Ho SY, Chan WM, Ho KS, Li MP, Leung GM, et al. Obesity and depressive symptoms in Chinese elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):68–74.
Google Scholar
Ho RC, Niti M, Kua EH, Ng TP. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and depressive symptoms in Chinese elderly: a population-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(4):401–08.
Google Scholar
Zhang C, Zhang H, Zhao M, Chen C, Li Z, Liu D, et al. Psychometric properties and modification of the 15-item geriatric depression scale among Chinese oldest-old and centenarians: a mixed-methods study. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):144.
Google Scholar
Yoo MC, Won CW, Soh Y. Association of high body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage with sarcopenia in older women. BMC Geriatr. 2022; 5;22(1): 937.
Beaudart C, Demonceau C, Reginster JY, Locquet M, Cesari M, Cruz Jentoft AJ, Bruyère O. Sarcopenia and health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2023;14(3):1228–43.
Google Scholar
Carayanni V, Stylianopoulou C, Koulierakis G, Babatsikou F, Koutis C. Sex differences in depression among older adults: are older women more vulnerable than men in social risk factors? The case of open care centers for older people in Greece. Eur J Ageing. 2012;9(2):177–86.
Google Scholar
Lin H, Jin M, Liu Q, Du Y, Fu J, Sun C, et al. Gender-specific prevalence and influencing factors of depression in elderly in rural China: a cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord. 2021;288:99–106.
Google Scholar
Liu H, Zhou Z, Fan X, Shen C, Ma Y, Sun H, et al. Association between multiple chronic conditions and depressive symptoms among older adults in China: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Int J Public Health. 2023;68:1605572.
Google Scholar
Firth J, Marx W, Dash S, Carney R, Teasdale SB, Solmi M et al. The effects of dietary improvement on symptoms of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2019;81(3): 265 – 80. Erratum in: Psychosom Med 2020;82(5): 536 and Psychosom Med 2021;83(2): 196.
Bayes J, Schloss J, Sibbritt D. The use of diet for preventing and treating depression in young men: current evidence and existing challenges. Br J Nutr. 2024;131(2):214–18.
Google Scholar
Brewer KB, Gearing RE, Cheung M, Leung P, Chen W, Carr C, et al. Stigma’s influence on mental health treatment in China. J Ment Health Soc Behav. 2022;4(2):172.
Fiechtner L, Kleinman K, Melly SJ, Sharifi M, Marshall R, Block J, et al. Effects of proximity to supermarkets on a randomized trial studying interventions for obesity. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(3):557–62.
Google Scholar
Lee MF, Angus D, Walsh H, Sargeant S. Maybe it’s not just the food? A Food and Mood Focus Group Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(3):2011.
Google Scholar
Ravelli MN, Schoeller DA. Traditional self-reported dietary instruments are prone to inaccuracies and new approaches are needed. Front Nutr. 2020;7:90.
Google Scholar
Bougoure U, Lee B. Service quality in Hong Kong: wet markets vs supermarkets. Br Food J. 2009;111:70–9.
Google Scholar
link